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The Hitler Salute: On the Meaning of a Gesture, by Tilman Allert
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A strikingly original investigation of the origins and dissemination of the world's most infamous greeting
Sometimes the smallest detail reveals the most about a culture. In Heil Hitler: The History of a Gesture, sociologist Tilman Allert uses the Nazi transformation of the most mundane human interaction—the greeting—to show how National Socialism brought about the submission and conformity of a whole society.
Made compulsory in 1933, the Hitler salute developed into a daily reflex in a matter of mere months, and quickly became the norm in schools, at work, among friends, and even at home. Adults denounced neighbors who refused to raise their arms, and children were given tiny Hitler dolls with movable right arms so they could practice the pernicious salute. The constantly reiterated declaration of loyalty at once controlled public transactions and fractured personal relationships. And always, the greeting sacralized Hitler, investing him and his regime with a divine aura.
The first examination of a phenomenon whose significance has long been underestimated, Heil Hitler offers new insight into how the Third Reich's rituals of consent paved the way for the wholesale erosion of social morality.
- Sales Rank: #1404366 in eBooks
- Published on: 2009-03-31
- Released on: 2009-03-31
- Format: Kindle eBook
From Publishers Weekly
Starred Review. In this brief, insightful book, German sociologist Allert writes penetratingly about the gesture familiar around the world. Working like a preservationist on a minute canvas, he shows readers the cascade of meanings that rush through everyday greetings in general. But Allert's keen eye is trained on Germany, and he provides a wonderful depiction of regional, class and gender-specific greetings, from the kissed hand to the low, scraping bow. All of these were supplanted by the Hitler salute. Hitler was the suprahuman being in whom Germans invested their hopes, which they reaffirmed every time they raised their arms and shouted the Führer's name. As the salute penetrated every sphere of social life, it made Nazism omnipresent and Germans a unified community. It also affirmed authority for the ruler as well as over the ruled. Allert draws fruitfully on memoirs and letters. Readers encounter Germans who joyfully raised their arms to the Führer and also those who went to any length to avoid the gesture and sometimes paid dearly for their opposition to the Nazis. Allert's book shows how much can be gained from a close study of the daily rituals we barely think about yet are packed with meaning. (Apr. 1)
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
From School Library Journal
Adult/High School—The raised stiff right arm and the accompanying "Heil Hitler" continues to be recognized as redolent of a time, place, and world-shaking series of events. It came into use so rapidly and with such legal imperative that even a picture dictionary published less than two years after the edict commanding this "German greeting" already showed it as a standard. Twelve years later, at the end of World War II, it fell even more quickly into disrespect. Allert explores the ambiguity of the spoken phrase, the viral nature of this particular greeting in a culture where regionalisms had always precluded any such uniform expression, and the nature and service of greetings of any sort as a human and cultural device. While this is not a simple text, the author makes excellent use of photos and reproductions, and explains technical language related to sociology with efficiency, making this book accessible to teens interested in Nazi Germany, contemporary gang signs, and aspects of human psychology. It is also likely to be useful to teachers looking for new ways to relate history to their students' lives.—Francisca Goldsmith, Halifax Public Libraries, Nova Scotia
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Review
“Compact, lucid . . . straightforward in its analysis yet profound in its conclusions, this uncommon selection sheds elusive light on the question of how Nazi ideology managed to penetrate even the most ordinary social interactions.” ―Booklist
“Concise, elegant . . . This little book, with its analytic punch and range of fresh insights, offers a novel contribution to what frequently appears to be an old, tired discussion of the Third Reich.” ―Bookforum
“Brilliant, an exmplary study, a true jewel . . . One can only wonder why it took so long for a book about such an important gesture to see the light of day.” ―Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
“Achieves an indelible suggestiveness.” ―The Boston Globe
“A short and intensely interesting book . . . which leaves a reader freshly impressed by the peculiar forms of evil the Nazis invented.” ―National Post (Canada)
“Expertly translated . . . [A] thoroughly fascinating little book.” ―The New York Sun
Most helpful customer reviews
15 of 15 people found the following review helpful.
The File on the Heil
By Rob Hardy
"Good morning." "How do you do?" "Hello." We issue this sort of greeting dozens of times every day, and probably don't even think about how greetings work, what function they perform, or what things would be like without them. We certainly don't consider them something we have to do, or something compulsory, but we all do them anyway, so they must be important. What if a specific greeting became compulsory, though? This experiment has been tried, and the results are examined in _The Hitler Salute: On the Meaning of a Gesture_ (Metropolitan Books) by Tilman Allert, with translation from the German by Jefferson Chase. Allert, a professor of sociology and social psychology at the University of Frankfort, shows that there has been a great deal of research on greetings in general. His scholarly, reserved approach to his specific subject has produced a small volume that considers a small gesture that had big consequences, not as a product of the evils of Nazism, but as one of the promoters of those evils. It is remarkable that this subject has not been evaluated before, but here is a clear and scary examination of how the salute came to be and what influence it had.
"Salute" not only means the physical, often military movement of a hand in greeting, but also the words that accompanied the greeting, and both are examined here, as are the meanings of greetings as they are more naturally used. A greeting provides an initial structure for human interaction, an initial gift to another person to get things going. "Heil Hitler" injected a third party into greetings, and did so under the force of law. It was on 13 July 1933 that the edict was issued to make the greeting mandatory. Every greeting would thereupon not just be a greeting, but would be a statement of the relationship of the greeters to the Fuhrer. Students, by order, would say it to their teachers, and to each other. Department store attendants would greet shoppers with, "Heil Hitler, how may I help you?" Samuel Beckett wrote in his travel diary in 1937, "Even bathroom attendants greet you with `Heil Hitler.'" The words were accompanied by the right hand salute. The Reich invented legends about the gesture to differentiate it from the similar Italian fascist salute, or from that of the Socialist International. The gesture was everywhere, and within the book is a reproduction of an illustration of the Sleeping Beauty story; the heroine has been kissed by her Prince, and is just awakening, so he gives the Hitler salute to her. Shaking hands brings people closer together, but Allert says that giving the hand salute "makes it necessary for the greeter to stand back from the other person and thus intensifies the estrangement and sense of uncertainty that is usually overcome or bridged during an act of greeting."
This is the sort of insight that makes this a more thoughtful book than would be just a history of the gesture. Allert reminds us that greeting words or gestures are supposed to help decrease physical and relational distances between two individuals, to build trust. "But when the greeting is externally imposed and mechanically performed, when it hides rather than reveals, uncertainty in the face of the unknown gives way to mistrust in the face of the unknowable." It is hard to blame the salute for the evils of the Third Reich, but it was a tool. It solidified group membership at the same time that it reverenced the Fuhrer, thus hijacking the individual and personal functions a greeting is supposed to perform. It was a little loyalty oath, with the implicit message that the user was ready to sacrifice self-interest for the benefit of the regime, and Allert argues that the compulsory salute furthered the abnegation of the self and the disregard for the regime's lack of morality. It was a lot for a simple gesture to bear, but Allert has pulled from an amazing range of written documents and photographs, and reasons in a convincing and understated way. It is a keen explanation of a tiny slice of the Nazi evil.
8 of 9 people found the following review helpful.
Disappointing but interesting
By Marcus Crowley
This a very slim book that cost an expensive AU$ 27.95 in Sydney. The content is fascinating and informative, and I haven't heard any of it elsewhere. There are a handful of black and white photos and illustrations from the era which are well captioned.
On the downside, I have two comments to make. The author's turn of phrase is laborious. A typical convoluted sentence is (page 77): "For bound up with their immediate institutional religious function of providing spiritual direction and purpose were conceptions of reality whose particular ways or apprehending temporality are important for our analysis." The whole book comes across as an academic paper rather than something designed for the average history fan to consume. Having said that, the author is a German psychology professor, and the book has been translated into English, so I guess the tone is to be expected.
My bigger disappointment was that I didn't get any insight into the fashioning of the salute. Whose idea was it? How many other ideas were rejected? I'd also have liked to know more about the laws that were passed to ban the salute. Was there much debate? Who initiated the bill? The author does not make it clear whether that evidence is lost, but I came away with the sense that it just wasn't covered. Once again, if a historian rather than a psychologist had written the book, maybe it would have ended up being a more satisfying read.
Anyway - if this era interests you, I'd recommend borrowing the book from someone, because it sheds a big spotlight on the mores and trauma of the day. Reading from where I live, in 2009, the events, scenes and attitudes described sound so distant, archaic - almost medieval - but it wasn't so many generations ago, and a reader will inevitably wonder, "Could all this happen again?"
8 of 10 people found the following review helpful.
Very informative
By Larry Mark MyJewishBooksDotCom
This book teaches us that "Heil Hitler" was the official, expected, even demanded greeting of choice in Germany for over a decade. Even the washroom attendants greeted people with it and some churches replaced "Gruss Gott" with the new deity: Hitler. Gone were the Ei Ei Dufe Wie, Gruss Gott, Servus, Moin Moin, and Guten Tag. Heil Hitler was the replacement. It was a simple, daily-repeated gesture of communication, an offer-acceptance and response between people which book-ended interpersonal communications. Everyday, with each interaction, Hitler was explicitly reinforced and social conformity occurred. The author's simple insights tells the reader how this simple greeting included the nation, advertised one's social affiliation, bonded the people, and excluded all the recalcitrant, obstructionist, non-believers and set them up for terror and punishment. For 12 years, all communications became politicized. In this book, the author explores the history of the gesture and words and investigates its power as an unconditional pledge that united the nation. (He also includes a few Heil Hitler jokes that were told, believe it or not, in Germany). I found it to be a creative analysis on the power of a simple but frightening gesture. What I found enlightening is the Wehrmacht's early rejection of the salute, since it had its own military salutes, loyalties, and traditions. Not until the Summer of 1944, after some Wehrmacht officers tried to assassinate Hitler, did the Wehrmacht accept the Hitler salute.
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